🌟pharma discussion🌟
☀PRINCIPLES OF STERILIZATION:
👉🏻MOIST HEAT STERILIZATION:
Moist heat sterilization is otherwise refered as steam sterilization under pressure.
Mechanism of killing of microorganisms:
Heat in the form of saturated steam under pressure is the most practical and dependable agent for sterilization. Bacterial death by moist heat sterilization is due to denaturation and coagulation of essential protein molecules (enzymes) and cell constituents.
Steam sterilization under pressure is carried out in an autoclave, which is an airtight, jacketed chamber designed to maintain a high pressure of saturated hot steam. Because the autoclave permits the attainment of high moist-heat temperatures and because heat exchange by steam is more rapid than by dry heat, this method of sterilization is more efficient than the dry-heat method. Sterilization of aqueous solutions, glassware, and rubber articles is best done by steam under pressure. This process is not suitable for sterilizing solutions of drugs that are thermolabile in nature.
Conditions to be followed for the moist heat sterilization according to The USP XXI and BP 1988 are given below:
* Pressure: 15 lb / square inch (psi)
* Temperature: 121 C
* Time: 15 minutes
👉🏻DRY HEAT STERILIZATION:
Mechanism of killing of microorganisms:
The vital constituents of cells such as proteins (enzymes) and nucleic acids are denatured by oxidation. The killing of microorganisms by heat is a function of the time-temperature combination. [1]
Dry heat is the simplest and most economical method of sterilization. This method requires higher temperatures and longer exposure times to achieve the same microbial-killing efficiency as compared with that of steam sterilization. A major problem associated with dry heat
sterilization is non uniform distribution of temperature. A fan is usually installed in the oven to overcome this problem, but unless the fan is properly baffled it may blow around powders that are to be sterilized. Furthermore, dry heat cannot be used with materials that are heat sensitive. It is mainly used for sterilization of glass and metal objects. It can also be used to sterilize thermostable powders and fatty substances.
Conditions to achieve complete sterilization by dry heat sterilization are as follows:
Cycles recommended as per BP 1988 are:
* A minimum of 180 C for not less than 30 minutes.
* A minimum of 170 C for not less than 1 hour.
* A minimum of 160 C for not less than 2 hours.
👉🏻RADIATION STERILIZATION:
Mechanism of killing of microorganisms:
The radiation employed for the sterilization may be ionizing or non ionizing radiation. Gamma and X-rays, having energies more than about 10eV, are called ionizing radiations because they have enough energy to knock electrons away from molecules and ionize them. These radiations create free hydrogen radicals, hydroxyl radicals and some peroxides which cause different kinds of intracellular damage. The less energetic ultraviolet radiation cannot ionize and it is absorbed and excites the electrons and rises them to higher energy states, thus finally destroying the cellular structure of the microorganism. When properly operated, the UV radiation technique can reduce the level of airborne bacterial contamination in a room by 90% within 30 min.
Pharmaceutical products are more resistant to degradation by ionizing radiation if they are in a powdered form than in a liquid form. Thermolabile drugs such as penicillin, streptomycin, thiamine, and riboflavin have been effectively sterilized by ionizing radiation. In hospitals, UV radiation is used to control the spread of infection during or after surgical procedures.
👉🏻CHEMICAL STERILIZATION:
This process involves exposure of materials to sterilize gasses such as ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde , propylene oxide.
Gaseous sterilization is accomplished by exposure to a gas that kills microorganisms. The most commonly used gas for sterilization is ethylene oxide. Ethylene oxide acts by alkylation. Ethylene oxide is a cyclic ether that has flammable and explosive properties, especially when confined and mixed with oxygen. It is therefore often used in combination with inert gases such as carbon dioxide to avoid hazard. The effectiveness of ethylene oxide in the sterilization process depends on relative humidity, gas concentration, temperature, exposure time, and the extent of contamination. The normal working ranges for the relative humidity and ethylene oxide concentration are 30 to 60% and 500 to 1000 mg/l, respectively. At these ranges, the times required for complete sterilization are 2 to 5 h at 55 C. In practice, an exposure time of 6 h or more is normally used to provide a safety margin. Ethylene oxide sterilization is effective in sterilizing a wide variety of materials including surgical instruments and gloves, plastic syringes, disposable needles, tubing sets, and dialysis units. In addition, it is often used to sterilize thermolabile powdered drugs such as penicillins. However, some drugs, for example, thiamine, riboflavin, and streptomycin, lose potency when treated with ethylene oxide.
Phenol and phenolic compounds produces a variety of effects on the microorganisms. Based on their concentration they exert various effects like disruption of cells, precipitation of cell protein, inactivation of enzymes and lekage of aminoacids from the cells.
Other chemical agents include alcohols, halogens, heavy metals and their compounds, dyes, detergents, quaternary ammonium compounds and aldehydes etc.
👉🏻FILTRATION STERILIZATION:
This method is used for sterilizing thermolabile solutions, which will otherwise be degraded by other conventional heating methods. The drug solutions are passed through the sterile bacteria proof filter unit and subsequently transferring the product aseptically into the sterile containers which are then sealed. Depth and surface filtration are suitable for prefiltration of pharmaceutical products as they can retain large amounts of particles. To strerilize a product it is often necessary to combine several types of filtration to achieve removal of microorganuisms.
👉🏻swapnil✌🏻
☀PRINCIPLES OF STERILIZATION:
👉🏻MOIST HEAT STERILIZATION:
Moist heat sterilization is otherwise refered as steam sterilization under pressure.
Mechanism of killing of microorganisms:
Heat in the form of saturated steam under pressure is the most practical and dependable agent for sterilization. Bacterial death by moist heat sterilization is due to denaturation and coagulation of essential protein molecules (enzymes) and cell constituents.
Steam sterilization under pressure is carried out in an autoclave, which is an airtight, jacketed chamber designed to maintain a high pressure of saturated hot steam. Because the autoclave permits the attainment of high moist-heat temperatures and because heat exchange by steam is more rapid than by dry heat, this method of sterilization is more efficient than the dry-heat method. Sterilization of aqueous solutions, glassware, and rubber articles is best done by steam under pressure. This process is not suitable for sterilizing solutions of drugs that are thermolabile in nature.
Conditions to be followed for the moist heat sterilization according to The USP XXI and BP 1988 are given below:
* Pressure: 15 lb / square inch (psi)
* Temperature: 121 C
* Time: 15 minutes
👉🏻DRY HEAT STERILIZATION:
Mechanism of killing of microorganisms:
The vital constituents of cells such as proteins (enzymes) and nucleic acids are denatured by oxidation. The killing of microorganisms by heat is a function of the time-temperature combination. [1]
Dry heat is the simplest and most economical method of sterilization. This method requires higher temperatures and longer exposure times to achieve the same microbial-killing efficiency as compared with that of steam sterilization. A major problem associated with dry heat
sterilization is non uniform distribution of temperature. A fan is usually installed in the oven to overcome this problem, but unless the fan is properly baffled it may blow around powders that are to be sterilized. Furthermore, dry heat cannot be used with materials that are heat sensitive. It is mainly used for sterilization of glass and metal objects. It can also be used to sterilize thermostable powders and fatty substances.
Conditions to achieve complete sterilization by dry heat sterilization are as follows:
Cycles recommended as per BP 1988 are:
* A minimum of 180 C for not less than 30 minutes.
* A minimum of 170 C for not less than 1 hour.
* A minimum of 160 C for not less than 2 hours.
👉🏻RADIATION STERILIZATION:
Mechanism of killing of microorganisms:
The radiation employed for the sterilization may be ionizing or non ionizing radiation. Gamma and X-rays, having energies more than about 10eV, are called ionizing radiations because they have enough energy to knock electrons away from molecules and ionize them. These radiations create free hydrogen radicals, hydroxyl radicals and some peroxides which cause different kinds of intracellular damage. The less energetic ultraviolet radiation cannot ionize and it is absorbed and excites the electrons and rises them to higher energy states, thus finally destroying the cellular structure of the microorganism. When properly operated, the UV radiation technique can reduce the level of airborne bacterial contamination in a room by 90% within 30 min.
Pharmaceutical products are more resistant to degradation by ionizing radiation if they are in a powdered form than in a liquid form. Thermolabile drugs such as penicillin, streptomycin, thiamine, and riboflavin have been effectively sterilized by ionizing radiation. In hospitals, UV radiation is used to control the spread of infection during or after surgical procedures.
👉🏻CHEMICAL STERILIZATION:
This process involves exposure of materials to sterilize gasses such as ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde , propylene oxide.
Gaseous sterilization is accomplished by exposure to a gas that kills microorganisms. The most commonly used gas for sterilization is ethylene oxide. Ethylene oxide acts by alkylation. Ethylene oxide is a cyclic ether that has flammable and explosive properties, especially when confined and mixed with oxygen. It is therefore often used in combination with inert gases such as carbon dioxide to avoid hazard. The effectiveness of ethylene oxide in the sterilization process depends on relative humidity, gas concentration, temperature, exposure time, and the extent of contamination. The normal working ranges for the relative humidity and ethylene oxide concentration are 30 to 60% and 500 to 1000 mg/l, respectively. At these ranges, the times required for complete sterilization are 2 to 5 h at 55 C. In practice, an exposure time of 6 h or more is normally used to provide a safety margin. Ethylene oxide sterilization is effective in sterilizing a wide variety of materials including surgical instruments and gloves, plastic syringes, disposable needles, tubing sets, and dialysis units. In addition, it is often used to sterilize thermolabile powdered drugs such as penicillins. However, some drugs, for example, thiamine, riboflavin, and streptomycin, lose potency when treated with ethylene oxide.
Phenol and phenolic compounds produces a variety of effects on the microorganisms. Based on their concentration they exert various effects like disruption of cells, precipitation of cell protein, inactivation of enzymes and lekage of aminoacids from the cells.
Other chemical agents include alcohols, halogens, heavy metals and their compounds, dyes, detergents, quaternary ammonium compounds and aldehydes etc.
👉🏻FILTRATION STERILIZATION:
This method is used for sterilizing thermolabile solutions, which will otherwise be degraded by other conventional heating methods. The drug solutions are passed through the sterile bacteria proof filter unit and subsequently transferring the product aseptically into the sterile containers which are then sealed. Depth and surface filtration are suitable for prefiltration of pharmaceutical products as they can retain large amounts of particles. To strerilize a product it is often necessary to combine several types of filtration to achieve removal of microorganuisms.
👉🏻swapnil✌🏻
